Comparative Methodological Critique

The point of this paper is to analyze two scholastic research papers, one educated by subjective and another by quantitative research structures with center around the methodological elements. The two papers portray working lives and mentalities of gay and lesbian laborers in the UK and USA, potential results of exposure of sexual direction on their working relations and authoritative game plans towards correspondence and assorted variety of working practice. These examination ventures add to the developing number of studies which shed light on the delicate idea of homosexuality in the work environment and against separation arrangements and practices that associations send to make an increasingly comprehensive workplace. Administered by the trouble of access to gay and lesbian populace both in UK and USA, and its â€Å"hidden† nature the two groups picked their own technique in revealing the idea of work perspectives of gay and lesbian representatives and showing the advancement associations have made or are making towards the foundation of good practice. st paper (subjective) The paper manages recognizing great authoritative work on concerning fairness, decent variety and sexual direction in the work environment, and considers any progressions following the presentation of Employment uniformity (Sexual Orientation) guidelines 2003. It likewise targets tending to the hole between balance arrangement and practice which gives the es tablishment to advance examination of the noteworthy deficiency in information identifying with the experience of LGB (lesbian, gay and promiscuous) workers in UK associations. Indeed, even today, the issue of sexuality despite everything stays a touchy one, notwithstanding the coming into power of enactment offering security to LGB individuals. It is additionally the reason for disquiet for certain businesses in the cutting edge world in examining (also managing! ) this issue, and noteworthy harassing, enduring and dread which make life and work agonizing for such a significant number of LGB individuals. So far advancement has been made dependent on social equity and business contextual analyses which implies that this still â€Å"remains †¦an under inquired about territory in which there have been not many contextual investigations of specific organisations† (Colgan et al. 2007:591). Having embraced a phenomenological position in their plan, the examination group decided to do a longitudinal (multi year) subjective investigation in 16 â€Å"good practice† contextual investigation associations in the zone of work of LGB laborers, to find â€Å"the subtleties of the situation†¦[in request to] to comprehend the reality† (Remenyi et al. , 1998:35) of working relations in associations with LGB laborers. Additionally concentrating on the manners in which that individuals understand the world particularly through the sharing of encounters with others has directed the utilization of a social constructionist system (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The contextual analyses included the investigation of companies’ documentation and reports, worker's organization distributions and sites to get an inside perspective on companies’ mentalities and practices. The principle challenge of the undertaking in information assortment was â€Å"limited assets †¦ powerlessness to indicate an inspecting frame† (Saunders et al. , 2003:170) which directed the utilization of non-likelihood testing. Along these lines, snowballing testing was applied as the most suitable for this sort of research. The examination group met inside and out 154 LGB workers who, preceding that, finished a short study survey. All finished the overview giving a total registration. Nonetheless, due to â€Å"a absence of vigorous measurable proof concerning the extent of the UK populace who distinguish as LGB† (Colgan et al. , 2007:591) and the trouble of access to such individuals, it’s difficult to state how delegate this example of LGB individuals is. Dictated by these handy imperatives, the examination group embraced a blended strategies explore procedure (contextual analysis/interviews) with different information assortment techniques that permitted them to have a cross-check against one another's outcomes. Trouble of getting to LGB workers additionally directed the decision of examination concentrating just on â€Å"good practice† associations. Consequently, utilizing review, inside and out meeting and auxiliary information empowered the group to join the particularity of quantitative information with the capacity to decipher discernments gave by subjective investigation. However, there is proof and legitimization by the exploration group of how respondents were chosen, the task itself showed a disproportioned equalization of respondents not just as far as sex (61,7% - men, 38,3% †ladies) yet additionally as far as ethnic division. This implies the equalization tipped so far as far as the profundity of their exploration. The exploration group adjusted an inductive research way to deal with suit the current speculations and discoveries just as their own exact investigations, for instance â€Å"that those in lower level and maybe increasingly troublesome workplaces are more averse to be â€Å"out†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦at work† (Colgan et al. , 2006a refered to in Colgan, 2007:593). The paper likewise gives a decent authentic outline of how open and private part associations have gained ground towards the â€Å"inclusion of sexual direction inside its authoritative strategy and practice† (Colgan et al. , 2006a refered to in Colgan, 2007:593). This furnishes perusers with a similar outline of how the circumstance has changed after the presentation of the enactment. The examination group recognized the quantity of steps associations took to follow â€Å"good practice† corresponding to uniformity and assorted variety, simultaneously sketching out the distinctions in progress among open and private part organizations. In doing as such, the creators likewise affirm that the execution hole among strategy practice despite everything exists and requires further estimates, for example, â€Å"the need to see approach advocated, resourced and actualized by senior line managers† (Colgan et al. 2007). While the Regulations engaged LGB individuals to step in and â€Å"challenge segregation and harassment† (Colgan et al. , 2007:604), the key factor, as distinguished by the creators, â€Å"that forestalled a few respondents coming out busy working †¦ the fear† (Colgan et al. , 2007) remained the primary s nag to LGB laborers to blowing the whistle and detailing an occurrence. These discoveries are upheld and supported all through the paper by respondents’ articulations and consequences of past investigations. The examination group additionally characterized the connection between the effect of the business balance (SO) guidelines, considered as autonomous variable, and such ward factors like employment fulfillment, being out busy working, experience of provocation and segregation, this in certainty gives a thought of the current issue in hierarchical practices. Regarding structure, language and suitability of referencing to other material this paper demonstrates exceptionally instructive. It recommends that further research should be done all together â€Å"to increase a more â€Å"representative† image of working existences of LGB employees† (Colgan et al. , 2007) as it just investigated the â€Å"tip of the iceberg†, in light of the fact that the examination venture had the option to analyze just a small amount of the entire, and, except if an association receives progressively successful and proactive initiative on fairness and decent variety, the enactment on its own will make just a little stride towards the inclusivity of LGB individuals and the making of agreeable equivalent working practices in UK associations. The examination venture included cross-sectional structure that permitted the group to look into their discoveries got from every one of the cases. This is viewed as an incredible favorable position of the undertaking as it permitted the group to consider â€Å"what is remarkable and what is regular across cases† (Bryman and Bell, 2007:64), along these lines encouraging an endeavor to sum up their discoveries. The examination group doesn't unequivocally communicate their own suppositions, permitting individual qualities to influence the lead of the exploration and the discoveries getting from it, this guarantees they acted in compliance with common decency and followed great practice. Be that as it may, having directed a study following the execution of (SO) Regulations 2003, this examination neglected to give an adequately expansive range of assessment of how hierarchical culture has changed as an outcome of the enactment. In addition, the examination group didn't indicate whether any of the key sources or interviewees had worked in â€Å"good practice† associations before the guidelines came into power which would permit a relative investigation of authoritative practice to happen and, in this way, for information to be increasingly agent. Much consideration was engaged upon acceptable practice associations in their examination; be that as it may, there was an inability to exhibit what was implied by â€Å"good practice†. This would have empowered perusers to have a progressively unequivocal comprehension of what desires are from any association with LGB workers. As far as access to respondents, in spite of the fact that the group recognized the trouble, they were not as clever as they would have been. Absence of strong data sabotages the ends, ostensibly, brings into question the validity of the discoveries as the exploration net was not thrown broadly or profoundly enough. For the readership of this paper there is no extreme edification as the paper doesn't show any contention or promotion that welcome perusers to the universe of unforeseen revelation; rather, it is somewhat an introduction or representation. It likewise stays hard to lead a genuine replication of this investigation, despite the fact that larger part of the associations â€Å"were ready to be distinguished by name† (Colgan et al. 2007). second paper (quantitative) This paper depicts the connection between revealed revelation of sexual direction, hostile to segregation arrangements and top administration support. It is additionally planned for distinguishing business related a

Joseph Campbell The Power of Myth Essay Example

Joseph Campbell: The Power of Myth Essay Legend uncovers otherworldly truth about the world. Why understood legends? You need legends to discover your reality. You have expound fantasies to contrast with ordinary encounters and to different legends. â€Å"Myths give a significance to life (Campbell, 5). Folklore is an assortment of stories dependent on one’s information and accounts of understanding. Legends are signs to life meaning. They are hints to â€Å"spiritual potentialities† or your capability to grow profoundly and finding your internal self.For model, marriage makes a change in us profoundly on the grounds that it changes our point of view of ourselves and our capacity to forfeit. 2. Do individuals at last look for information or experience? As you would like to think which is progressively significant in the 21st century? Individuals eventually look for understanding. They think looking for experience is their actual significance of life. They need something to recollect and something to live for and simultaneously we do this to reverberate from our internal identity on the grounds that as a matter of fact we gain knowledge.This could be an explanation a large number of the 21st century go towards their journey for understanding and not information. 3. What is Campbell’s meaning of â€Å"consciousness†? How does this cognizance characterize the job of folklore in our reality? Campbell says that awareness is something that the brain uses to manage you to a specific course or towards a lot of purposes. Cognizance is every one of your contemplations at a more profound level and your mindfulness or view of your environmental factors. Your awareness relies upon your degree of vitality that drives us to more significant level cognizance. What drives you to these evels of cognizance? Legend. Folklore changes your cognizance on a more profound level and to a higher otherworldly level. You can not build up your cognizance without folklore 4. How does the advanced Wester n world identify with fantasies? The advanced world improvements are legends. The case of machines is a prime connection (Campbell, 24) yet they will in general assume control over our concept of what’s valid. The cutting edge world has dismissing legends and every little thing about them including the way that nature encompasses the entire idea. Current world has an attitude that everything is about you, which rejects mythology’s profound messages. . How would we live without legends and for what reason does Campbell guarantee that America is moving also rapidly to become mythologized? Are these two ideas related? At the point when you live without fantasies you need to make sense of life without anyone else. That is the reason America is moving also rapidly to be mythologized. As Campbell would state we are centered around â€Å"news of the day† and â€Å"problems of the hour† (Campbell, 1). We lose association with the importance to culture and the inf ormation on life. These ideas are connected in light of the fact that it clarifies America’s moderate implosion without legends. Section 2 1.Why do fantasies reflect what we know inside is valid? How do fantasies at that point help us with â€Å"the open dream? Legends reflect what inside is genuine in light of the fact that we as a whole originate from a similar spot we experience comparable educational encounters. We as a whole develop and create. Legend likewise originates from our fantasies. Campbell depicts dream by saying, â€Å"†¦.. a fantasy that discussions about lasting conditions inside your own mind as they identify with the worldly states of your life at the present time. † (Campbell, 47). Your fantasies really mirror your internal identity and are simply profound data about yourself. Your fantasies are legends, individual myths.The Public dream is society without its degenerate ways and its absence of legendary information. Fantasy revises this sinc e it is society’s dream and it joins society. That one spot is having a fantasy and when you are on the right way you are finding your explanation and your internal identity. 2. For what reason are the world’s creation stories so comparative? The world’s creation stories are so comparative as a result of the comparative condition and the essential encounters of birth, development, allurements, and demise. This makes a feeling of interest where we ask â€Å"how? † and â€Å"why? † and some record their thoughts.These records reflect legendary reality. A similar idea of nothing, heaven, and good ways from the maker. Societies like Christianity, Bassari clans of West Africa, and the Pima Indians. 3. What is an allegory and how can it work in religion? How does illustration help one with the â€Å"journey inward†? An analogy is an examination that recommends something different. In religion, Campbell says that the similitudes utilized are not st rict. It was an analogy and in his definition allegories are not to be taken actually. Fantasies are written in a manner to be found and obscure so it can stir your inward self.It is more profound that what the vast majority have been deciphering it as. Individuals may accept that Campbell was sabotaging Christianity when he said Jesus never truly climbed into paradise when in certainty he was simply figuring out the code. It was a similitude. Society’s issue is that we don’t use meaning to decipher similitudes and legends, yet use signification. 4. How do legends help us to associate with the otherworldly world? Legends and religion share similar characteristics. Legends help associate with the otherworldly world. â€Å"The fantasy is for profound instruction† (Campbell, 59). Legends assist us with identifying with other profound references.Campbell utilizes the case of rebirth and how it integrates with different ideas of religion additionally, â€Å"†¦. measurements of your being and a potential for acknowledgment and awareness that are excluded with the idea of yourself. † (Campbell,70). In religion, you come out a renewed individual profoundly in light of experience simply like in fantasy. 5. For what reason is acceptable and detestable advanced in folklore? Talk about the reason for good and shrewdness in your reaction. Great and fiendishness are advanced in folklore in light of duality and qualities of life. Many have gone to a shut, one-sided attitude that everything ought to be acceptable and nothing ought to be evil.Some people’s thought of shrewdness could be another’s thought of good. There is no evident meaning of â€Å"good† and what is â€Å"evil† in light of the fact that we as a whole add to it when we live. We do require underhanded without insidious there is no duality. They should match with each other. Part 3 1. What do our spirits owe to antiquated legends? Fantasies from antiqu ated occasions help with greatness and understanding our feelings of trepidation and riddles of life. It supplements the brain and body on a track constrained naturally in light of the fact that we will in general become adrift as we adventure through life. Antiquated occasions have a similar human advancement as today.We grow up being encouraged sure things and how to be needy then as we develop more seasoned we need to rise above into development and figure out how to get free. Campbell says, â€Å"†¦. legend needs to serve the two points, that of enlisting a youngster into the life of his reality that’s the capacity of the society thought at that point withdrawing him. † (Campbell, 87). Legends open up thoughts that lead up to your inward life. Old legends additionally give us ceremonies. This gives us a bigger thought of life rather than what we consider it to be. It causes us comprehend the secrets more prominent than us.How are people started into adulthood in an unexpected way? Once started, is there room in present day society for arrangement of obligation? Men are to be placed into masculinity consequently and must figure out how to give, look for, and go about as society advises them to be. Man is framed by society. Ladies then again give life, they are life. As Campbell says, â€Å"the young lady turns into a lady with her first menstruation† (Campbell, 104). He says this to call attention to that lady is framed commonly. I think man needs to work for their masculinity while lady simply become a lady by control of nature.The lady gives and medical caretakers without exertion, while man needs to work for his more noteworthy being. 2. How has strict guidance become â€Å"obsolete† to numerous individuals today? (concentrate on thought of custom) Rituals assist individuals with developing and form into suitable people in the public eye. Today they have been excluded and are not followed accurately. As Campbell says it s plendidly it is presently â€Å"dumbed down† and â€Å"lacks of substance† (Campbell, 104). Legends assist us with understanding things that are more conspicuous than ourselves. We should comprehend the general picture before we genuinely get ourselves. 3.How does the earth shape the folklore? How are craftsmen the managers of folklore today? How are these two inquiries related? The improvement of nature and folklore clarifies the ecological state of folklore. Similarly as the shaman of numerous Native American occasions, we should have otherworldly development where we come to get legend and stir your internal identity through new encounters. Craftsmen are the â€Å"mythmakers of our day† (Moyers, 107). They perform customs by making their craftsmanship. They are the â€Å"shaman† They are explicitly talented in view of the things they’ve experienced.

Essay For University - How To Prepare For That Essay For University That Will Make You A Lot Of Money!

Essay For University - How To Prepare For That Essay For University That Will Make You A Lot Of Money!There are a lot of different materials you can use when trying to help you create a good essay for university. This is because these have to be accepted in certain different circumstances. In other words, there is a long list of requirements that these need to meet in order to be accepted into university. And this is usually an admission requirement for many different schools around the world.If you want to go to school, you should know that you have to make sure that your essay has been accepted by the different colleges that you are interested in. They will have different rules and requirements about essays that they need to be approved by. So the very first thing you have to do is to figure out what the rules are.There are also a lot of different college requirements that you will have to meet. Most of them will require a particular level of writing ability. So if you want to get into a university, it is going to be important for you to be able to write well. It is also going to be important for you to take some time off of work so that you can focus on this so that you can build your knowledge and improve on it.One of the ways that a lot of people can prepare for the university is to find an essay that they have done before and then try to learn from it. This may sound a little weird but it is something that many people do. They will think about how much they liked the essay, and then they will look at their list of available essays and see if they have any that they would like to do.It is important for you to keep in mind that if you are doing this, you need to keep up with the different rules that you need to follow. You also need to make sure that you are following all of the rules as well. The reason for this is that some college requirements will require that you write at least one essay a year and you will need to be consistent with your practice.Even though you are taking college classes, it is still important for you to keep up with them so that you can get an idea of what to expect. This is something that many people do as well. Some people will study in school and then they will take notes and then they will read these notes and they will do a bit of research on what it is that you are talking about.This is something that can really give you a good experience in terms of being prepared. You will not only know what to expect in the curriculum, but you will also know what to expect when it comes to your assignments. So that will make your job a lot easier.

There are people at different ages shop every day, either...

There are people at different ages shop every day, either online or in a store. People shop not only for living essentials, but also for their needs in the society. Teens, too, shop for their reputation and shop whenever they can. Drew Desilver, a senior writer at the Pew Research Center, stated that almost eighty percent of American teens shop online, but almost eighty percent of the American teens prefer to shop in stores (Desilver). There are many reasons why teenagers shop online even though they prefer to shop in stores, but it is mainly due to the advance of technology in advertisements, time saving, and teens’ purchasing power. Technology has become the daily basic of humans’ life, especially teenagers. People are using their†¦show more content†¦Famous websites, such as Amazon and eBay help many teenagers to look for what they need within a few seconds. Websites like google can help them to find items at a relatively lower cost, too. This saves a lot of time because they do not need to compare different costs at different locations for something they want to buy. This is especially critical for teens these years because â€Å"they’re more cautious with their cash than in previous years† (Smith 4). Although people may prefer to shop in stores, they usually cannot find enough time to do so. It is particularly true for teens who do not have driver licenses or other transportation methods and consequently have to go with an adult only when the adults have free time. Furthermore, students can buy things in seconds in special online programs such as Amazon’s â€Å"1-Click Checkout† and get it shipped before they need to use it for school. They do not have to look for class material in the bookstore when it is crowded in the beginning of the school year and have to wait for a long line. The last reason that teens tend to shop online instead of shopping in stores even if they favor to do the second is because o f their purchasing power. As suggested by POPAI, â€Å"while the tweens drive demand, parents are the real buyers† (Smith 5). There are many things that teens want, but since many teenagers do not have jobs, the most reasonable source of their purchasingShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Verbal And Verbal Language1776 Words   |  8 Pageskeeper, which shortens her speech and helps to present her idea. Slang can also be used within a same group, and it helps people to identify their group culture and communicate easily. For example, when I text my friends, I would use terms such as, â€Å"lol†, â€Å"omg†, and â€Å"gtg†, which means â€Å"laugh out loud†, â€Å"oh my god†, and â€Å"got to go†, respectively, to present my thought. My friends would understand my meaning because our group uses the same slangs to communicate with each others. 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Essay on The Boxer Rebellion in China - 1406 Words

The Boxer Rebellion in China â€Å"China never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted China men, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too, for I believe in driving him out of our country† – Mark Twain, Berkeley Lyceum, New York, Nov 23, 1900. The Boxer Rebellion soul purpose was to liberate China from foreign influence. Foreign capitalists dictated corrupt government officials and controlled leading industrial parts of Northern China. Chinese overseers were upset over this issue and contemplated for a solution. A revolt was the†¦show more content†¦The reason for their hatred of missionaries was that they were an insult to traditional Chinese culture. Also, some of the missionaries were dishonest and tried to interfere in the politics of rural China. Rev. Dr. A Woodruff Halsey said â€Å"†¦ The missionary has had his share in fomenting this trouble and must bear his share of the blame. Some of the missionaries have been politicians as well as Christians, and their grasping, selfish attitude has helped to bring about the present condition...† The Boxers first wanted to kill all the foreign Christians in China, and they also wanted to get rid of their foreign, Manchurian, rulers; the Dowager Empress and the Qing Dynasty which had ruled China for the past 300 years. However, the Dowager Empress was smart. She convinced the Boxers that she was on their side and had the Boxers attack the foreigners instead. The Dowager Empress did not really want to kill all the foreigners though. She tried to help them whenever she could. Sometimes the Qing Imperial army would attack the foreigners and they would help protect them from the attacking Chinese Boxers. The Dowager Empress did not trust the Europeans, Americans and Japanese very much. She thought that they were dishonest in their relations with China, â€Å"†¦ For the past thirty years [the foreigners] have taken advantage of our countys benevolence and generosity as well as our wholehearted conciliation to give free rein to their unscrupulous ambitions. They haveShow MoreRelatedThe Boxer Rebellion Of China1278 Words   |  6 Pages2014 The Boxer Rebellion In the very late 1800’s and into the early 1900’s, terror struck northern China when a group of Chinese peasants known as â€Å"Boxer’s† began their historic rebellion against the spread of western and Japanese influence in China. They were attempting to drive all foreigners out and away from China, fearing that they would transform traditional ways of the Chinese culture. This event would prove to be a detriment to both the people of China, as well as the country of China as a wholeRead MoreImpact of the Boxer Rebellion on China and the Qing Dynasty815 Words   |  4 PagesThe Boxers throughout the length of the Rebellion aimed to influence and enforce their views upon the Chinese people and the ruling Qing dynasty. This group, comprised primarily of adolescents from Northern China, aimed to rid their country from economic manipulation, political invasion, the influence of foreign ideas and to eradicate Christianity from China. These aims were conveyed through a series of significant actions performed between 1899 and 1901 which included those such as: attacks on ChineseRead MoreThe Boxer Rebellion and The Great Game in China by David J. Silbey624 Words   |  3 PagesAs written in the book The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China by David J. Silbey, the author gives an account of the Boxer Rebellion. David J. 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This lead to crops being destroyed and to farmers unable to pay their taxes which damaged the economy and millions of Chinese peopleRead MoreBoxer Rebellion Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Boxer Rebellion was perhaps a fitting conclusion to one of the most violent centuries in China. A century of internal rebellions and the invasions of the west and Japan. In response to the growing intrusion of foreign influence, the Chinese Boxers sought to violently expel all foreigner elements from China and restore power to the Qing Dynasty. Despite the widespread violence across China, the rebellion was eventually crushed by the combined might of the Eight-Nati on Alliance. Given the controversialRead MoreThe Boxer Rebellion : Myths And Symbolism1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribing the Boxer Rebellion as a myth. Myths, or mythologization, is essentially the manner in which later groups and people would use the Boxer Rebellion to suit their own ideals or social movements. Chen Duxia, future head of the Chinese Communist Party, provided a scathing critique of the Boxers, especially regarding the 5 causes of their rise in power. Given the continuing prevalence of these 5 causes, primarily religious beliefs, Chen warning of the possibility of a reemergence of the Boxers. If thisRead MoreModernization Of A Progressive Transition From A Modern Society1334 Words   |  6 Pages20th century. As a nation like China, which developed later than others, see modernization as a guide to rapid development. China had been through various wars and movements from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century before the establishment of the Peopleâ€⠄¢s Republic of China in 1949. Before the modernization of China, two major rebellions, which happened in the late 1900s had implicated strongly on her modernization process. One of the major rebellions, which affected deeply on China’sRead MoreCauses Of The Boxer Rebellion881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Boxer Rebellion was a renowned uprising that occurred in China from 1899-1901, however there have been many debates between historians surrounding the possible causes that fuelled the rebellion. There were three major causes that may have encouraged the rebellion, these include anti-foreign, anti-Christian and anti-Qing sentiment present within in the Chinese communities where Boxers originated from, such as Shandong. Historians often question the different impacts and used a series of extendedRead MoreBoxer Rebellion1424 Words   |  6 PagesChina never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted China men, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too , for I believe in driving him out of our country Ââ€" Mark Twain, Berkeley Lyceum, New York, Nov 23, 1900. The Boxer Rebellion soul purpose was to liberate China from foreign influence.Read MoreWomen s Foreign And Domestic Policies Play894 Words   |  4 Pages What role did China’s foreign and domestic policies play in the 1899 Boxer Rebellion? The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was a movement created by nationalist Chinese men in response to what they perceived to be the westernization of their country by European forces and influences (â€Å"Boxer Rebellion†). Most of the people involved were very young men who had been inducted into a society known as the Yihequan, or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, to fight against foreign

Unethical Behavior on the Brand Image of an Organization-Analysis

Question: Analyze the impact of unethical behavior on the brand image of an organization. Answer: Business Research topic The topic selected for this research paper is to "analyze the impact of unethical behavior on the brand image of an organization." Recently it is seen that unethical behavior of the organizations regarding Environmental pollution, Discrimination, Bribing and gift giving and mistreating employees can create negative impacts on the customers and can harm their brand image among the existing and potential customers (Leonidou et al. 2013. However, the fact is not clear that how and which factors are affecting the brand image of the organizations mostly. That is the reason that it was necessary to conduct a research on this topic. Literature Review The purpose of the study is to discuss the factors of ethics while doing business. According to Jones and Gautsch (2013), if an organizations product strategy pricing strategy and promotional strategies are better than any other existing organization in the market it can give them a competitive advantage. However, if the body structure of that organization is unethical towards its employees, or, if that organization has implemented internal strategies that are unethical, then it can create a negative impact on the customers, as they will start to reject the products and services of that organization (Stead 2013). However, there are several arguments that try to prove which behavior can affect the brand image of an organization at most. Some of the most severe unethical practices of the organization are mentioned below. Environmental pollution The first major unethical concern in business ethics is environmental pollution. In most of the organizations, the executives used to choose simplest solutions in order to get rid of toxic waste. This simple solution of them was highly inappropriate for the environment as it might pollute the environment. Nowadays, environmental pollution is considered as a very unethical as it can harm the stakeholders of the firm that is polluting the environment. Besides, recently the Government has also become very strict regarding pollution reduction rules and regulations of business organizations. None of the customers would like to buy a product from an organization that pollutes the environment while manufacturing those products. Discrimination Discrimination is also considered as an unethical behavior of the organization. As mentioned by Sekerka et al. (2014), discrimination in the organization is known to be the most unethical factor of an organization, even more than environment pollution. According to Rawwas et al. (2013), one can discriminate in many forms. The most famous and well-known examples of discrimination are based on race, sex, national origin and age. It is highly wrong if an organization discriminates its employees just because they belong to one of the examples given above. If an organization is discriminating its employees, then it is obvious that the stakeholders especially customers will not consider that organization as their preferable one. For example, according to Cheng et al. (2014), Wal-Mart lost its market position and it's customer base after the employees accused the organization of forcing discrimination in the workplace. Bribing and gift giving According to Holtbrgge et al. (2015), another major unethical concern in business is the presence of bribing and gift giving. For example, when an organization is paying some extra money to the Government of a particular country then this behavior will be considered as a bribe. As mentioned by Sekerka et al. (2014), in a research, some of the managers said that they will not bribe any Government of a country to get business done. However, some of the managers stated that bribing or gift giving is acceptable in some countries and therefore it would be a good investment. For example, in China, their social tradition supports gift giving and most of the organization is bound to follow this while doing business in the country. From this statement, it is clear that organizations must investigate that whether gift giving is ethical and unethical in a country where they are conducting their business. Most of the customers expect that the product that they are buying are manufactured by an organization that is not only maintaining all ethical rules and regulation in their organization but also not doing something which might be considered as unethical and illegal. Therefore, if an organization is using bribing and gift giving methods against the legal rules, then the customers will not buy from that organization. Mistreating employees Another unethical concern that is considered as one of the most dominant factors that harm the brand image of an organization is the mistreating with employees Cheng et al. (2014). For example, Wal-Mart is a well-known example in the way they treat their personnel. Most of the employees in Wal-Mart are given low wages and they do not get extra payments for overtimes. On the other hand, Wal-Mart does not provide extra benefits to their employees such as health care benefits and pensions. Besides, the employees are forced to spy on each other and report to the superiors. When these facts came out, the customers of the organization switched to other retail companies such as Tesco, Asda and K-Mart. This is the reason that the organization lost its leading market position in the UK retail industry (Jones and Gautschi 2013). Misrepresentation Last but not the least; misrepresentation is the fifth major unethical practice that is mostly adapted by small organizations. Those organizations force their sales personnel to the customers about the performance of a product. Bigger organizations do the same thing but in their advertisements by making them misleading. According to (Rawwas et al. 2013), this unethical behavior of the organizations by implementing misleading advertisement is still taking place frequently and it is very hard to prohibit such behaviors (He and Lai 2014). In both of the cases, when customers find out that the information is wrong on which they bought a product, it is obvious that they never buy that product again which will hamper the brand image of that firm. Research Question What are the most influential unethical practices of the organizations? What should be done if an organization is found using unethical practices in their workplace? How the brand image of an organization can be affected if it is using unethical practices in its place of work? Research Methodologies The research process Research Process for this study was started with its first step, which is to select an effective and appropriate research topic. In order to do this study, "the impact of unethical behavior on the brand image of an organization" is selected. As a second step, the research problem is identified that is organizations are losing their market position and brand value because of practicing unethical practices. Then the research questions were identified in which the entire research will depend on. The hypothesis for the study will be set in the following way, H1: Unethical behavior of an organization creates a negative impact on its brand image H2: Unethical behavior of an organization does not create a negative impact on its brand image After that, a literature review was build including all the most important unethical practices of organizations. Some examples were also added where is seen that because of those unethical practices those organizations are slowly losing their market share and brand image. Data Collection and Analysis process In order to complete the research based on the selected topic, it would be better if both primary and secondary research methods were used. Primary research methods are used in order to collect real-life data from a particular population (Brannen 2012). On the other hand, secondary research method is used to find out the results of previous researches that were done on the same topic (Onwuegbuzie and Leech 2012). In this study, it is highly important to find out what the customers are thinking about the unethical practices of the organizations and how they are changing their buying behavior according to that. On the other hand, it is also important to conduct a secondary research to find out the differences, if any, between the behaviors of customers for the same issue in the past and the present (Freshwater 2012). For the primary research quantitative method will be used which will help to gather probability sample from a huge population of the country (Cameron 2012). In order to gather this data, survey questionnaire will be distributed to 50 participants or customers of some organizations. Their responses will be then evaluated in table and chart format to find out expected research outcome (Toloie et al. 2012). Secondary research will depend on authentic and credible journals, articles and previous research reports on this same study to find out what the previous results showed (Ellis and Levy 2012). These sources will help to gather valuable and credible data in a lesser time and effort, which will support the research by providing understanding and knowledge related to unethical behavior in business (Truscott et al. 2012). Expected Research outcome After conducting the research, it is anticipated that the final data will show whether the unethical behavior of the organizations is creating a negative impact on the customers and forcing them to change their buying behavior or not. On the other hand, this research will also find out which unethical practice of the organizations is more harmful to their brand image. Gantt chart Part 1 Figure 1: Gantt chart part 1 (Source: Author) Part 2 Figure 2: Gantt charts part 2 (Source: Author) Conclusion From the study, it is clear that the study will mainly focus on various unethical practices of the business organization in order to find out how those practices are affecting their brand images. In order to conduct a research based on the topic, it is recommended that both primary and secondary research methods must be used, as primary research will help to collect existing data I the market and secondary data will help to collect information on the journal, articles and previous research reports. Reference list Brannen, J. 2012. Prologue, mixed methods for novice researchers: reflections and themes, International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), 812. Cameron, R. 2012. 'A sequential mixed model research design: design, analytical and display issues', International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(2), 140-152, Cheng, C.Y., Hsieh, C.H. and Yang, Y.S., 2014. Who would engage in unethical behavior? Should organizations bear the responsibility?.Quality Quantity,48(4), pp.2341-2354. Ellis, T. and Levy, Y. 2012. Towards a guide for novice researchers on research methodology: Review and proposed methods, Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 6, 323-337. Freshwater, D. 2012. Reading mixed methods research: contexts for criticism, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp. 134-46. He, Y. and Lai, K.K., 2014. The effect of corporate social responsibility on brand loyalty: the mediating role of brand image.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(3-4), pp.249-263. Holtbrgge, D., Baron, A. and Friedmann, C.B., 2015. Personal attributes, organizational conditions, and ethical attitudes: a social cognitive approach.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(3), pp.264-281. Jones, T.M. and Gautschi III, F.H., 2013. Will the Ethics of Business Change? A Survey of Future Executives. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 481-504). Springer Netherlands. Leonidou, L.C., Leonidou, C.N. and Kvasova, O., 2013. Cultural drivers and trust outcomes of consumer perceptions of organizational unethical marketing behavior.European Journal of Marketing,47(3/4), pp.525-556. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. and Leech, N. J. 2012. On becoming a pragmatic researcher: The importance of combining quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 375-387. Rawat, S.R., Bhatia, K., Hegde, M., Bhat, N. and Tewari, S., 2015. The Importance of Ethical Marketing Practices.Journal of Business Management Economics,3(2), pp.23-30. Rawwas, M.Y., Arjoon, S. and Sidani, Y., 2013. An introduction of epistemology to business ethics: A study of marketing middle-managers.Journal of business ethics,117(3), pp.525-539. Sekerka, L.E., Comer, D.R. and Godwin, L.N., 2014. Positive organizational ethics: Cultivating and sustaining moral performance.Journal of Business Ethics,119(4), pp.435-444. Stead, W.E., Worrell, D.L. and Stead, J.G., 2013. An integrative model for understanding and managing ethical behavior in business organizations. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 405-418). Springer Netherlands. Toloie-Eshlaghy, A., Chitsaz, S., Karimian, L. and Charkhchi, R. 2012. A Classification of Qualitative Research Methods, Research Journal of International Studies, 20, 106-152. Truscott, D. M., Smith, S., Thornton-Reid, F., Williams, B. and Matthews, M. 2012. A cross-disciplinary examination of the prevalence of mixed methods in educational research: 1995-2005, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(4), pp. 317-28.

The Polis vs Modern American Democracy Essay Example

The Polis vs Modern American Democracy Essay Name PS 201 – 03 10/19/2012 The Polis and the â€Å"Just City† vs. Modern American Democracy It is common to refer to the Greek city-state as the Greek polis and in order to understand ancient Greece one must have an understanding of what the polis was to the Greeks. First, let’s consider the physical characteristics and dimensions of the Greek polis. The single most striking feature of a Greek polis is its small size. It can be easy to overlook this fact because the classical sense of the word polis is dominated by the thought of Athens, which was very atypical in its population size, over 300,000 people. It was thought that the ideal polis should only be about 5,000 households, and that each citizen should know each other by sight. Politics, a word that is derived from the Greek word polis, was of a face-to-face variety in these small communities. Although there was variation in details from polis to polis, there were some standard physical features of the polis which one could expect to find. The polis had a place of citizen assembly. These public places were most often located on a defendable high ground of the community, which served as a place of refuge in time of attack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The polis would typically have a marketplace, which was the center of communal life. Here, the adult male citizen lived most of his life, engaging in informal public conversations, informing himself on matters of the state. The polis also had a religious center for public worship; most every polis had its temple to the protecting god of the political community. And all poleis shared the same political characteristics of citizen participation in public life. There was no desire to retreat from the world of public affairs; in men’s minds, the private life did not yet exist. In the polis, the individual was interested in not only his affairs, but also the affairs of the state. Even those who were mostly occupied by their businesses were well informed on general politics. The communal alignment of the ancient Greeks may be the most difficult feature of the Greek mind to grasp. Especially for a citizen of a large modern nation in which few people actually participate in the political process. It was this distinctive way of life, the active participation on the part of the individual citizen in all aspects of these small Greek communities that is most striking. Only adult male citizens participated in open public debate in the polis; here the individual could have had a real impact on state policy. The polis demanded a great deal from its citizens: service in public office, attendance at political gatherings, appearances at religious events and military service. To be a democratic citizen was priceless for the adult Greek male Greek, and the polis was the path through which it was realized. In distinct opposition of theories, Plato, in his â€Å"Just City,† searches for justice within the individual and what makes a person â€Å"just. By comparing his sense of what is just at a political level and what is just at a psychological level, Plato suggests four virtues that will make an individual person just. The virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance and justice are common to both a just person and the fictional Just City. This theoretical city has the pre-determined virtue of being just. Plato does this in order to understand what just ice is for the individual because Plato thinks that a just man will be like a just city and vice versa. In the Just City, Plato creates three classes: the producers, the auxiliaries and the rulers. Each class has a certain virtue it has to display to fulfill the Just City pre-requisites. The rulers are required to exhibit wisdom so that â€Å"a whole city established according to nature would be wise because of the smallest class and part in it, namely the governing or ruling one. And, to this class, belongs a share of the knowledge that alone among all the other kinds of knowledge is to be called wisdom† (122). The wisdom enjoyed by the rulers would be used to ensure that the city has good judgment. The auxiliaries, or soldiers, of the Just City would be educated in order to absorb the laws in the finest possible way, â€Å"so that their belief about what they should fear and all the rest would become so fast that even such extremely effective detergents such as pleasure, pain, fear and desire wouldn’t wash it out† (124). Their ability to remain focused is the virtue of courage, which Plato concludes will lead to justice within the city. The final class of the Just City, the producers, will exhibit the virtues of temperance and justice, along with the other two classes, so the city will be just. Plato thinks that temperance and justice is crucial because it ties all the classes together. The idea of harmony is crucial to Plato’s definition of justice, as justice to him means each part of society works together in the best way possible, with each part of society content to play out its particular role. As Plato explains: â€Å"Justice, I think, is exactly what we said must be established throughout the city when we were founding it†¦ that everyone must practice one of the occupations in the city for which he is naturally best suited† (128). Once Plato found justice within the larger setting of the Just City, he sought to transfer it back into the human soul, which he identified as having more than one single driving force. Plato based this assumption on the ability of a person to be indecisive about his actions, such as drinking, when something inside them forbid them to do it, though the desire lingered. This indecisiveness can be transformed into internal conflicts between more than one part of the soul. Plato concludes: â€Å"†¦that they are two, and different from one another. We’ll call the part of the soul with which it calculates the rational part and the part with which it lusts, hungers, thirsts and gets excited by other appetites the irrational appetitive part, companion of certain indulgences and pleasures† (137). Plato then identifies a third part of the soul, the spirit, which is used to create emotions. Originally, it was felt that this part might not actually be separate from the appetitive aspect of the soul, but when the appetitive part is fighting it is, in effect, waging a civil war against the rational part within the soul. In this scenario, a person could get angry and reprimand himself, in effect having the spirited part of the soul united with the rational part of the soul. From his analysis of the three classes, Plato uses his conclusions of the Just City as a metaphor to transfer their virtues to the individual, in order to discover justice within the soul. His statement that â€Å"we are pretty much agreed that the same number and the same kinds of classes as are in the city are also in the soul of each individual† confirms the relationship between the Just City and the individual (140). It is obvious to Plato that the rational part of the soul should rule, as the rulers in the city do, because they both exhibit the virtue of wisdom and can both exercise precaution on behalf of the entire soul. Similarly, just as the auxiliaries assist the rulers in maintaining justice within the city, the spirited part of the soul will use emotions in order to maintain order and harmony within the soul, which is justice. These two parts of the soul will be able to control its appetitive part, which ay, through its greedy desire for money, attempt to overthrow its particular role and rule over the body and eventually the classes that it is not naturally suited to rule over (141). Consequently, justice in the individual and justice in the city would be overturned leading to chaos and war. The rulers and auxiliaries, together known as the guardians, exist in order to control and direct the producers who are the majority of the population, as the rational and spirited parts of the soul rule the desires of the individual. Plato concludes that justice in the individual is similar to justice within the city, where a person â€Å"puts himself in order, is his own friend, and harmonizes the three parts of himself like three limiting notes in a musical scale† (142). In the Just City, justice is obtained by the three parts of society, each fulfilling their role as best they can, and displaying the same four virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. This leads to a harmony between the parts, the best possible combination, which is described as justice by Plato both within the city and within the soul. This should be obvious; after all, a city is made up of many just individuals. The Greek city-state, or polis, is not where we would first be inclined to look for connections between modern democratic design and practical success. The polis demonstrates a lot of intolerant characteristics, including the exclusion of women from citizenship, the prevalence of slavery and low levels of technology. But on closer inspection, we have much to learn from ancient Greek democracies. Despite the slavery and exclusively male citizenship, which were present in both more and less successful cases throughout history, the Greek democracies provide as close a model as we can get to a modern comparative political examination. On the contrary, while the track record of ruling individuals, or classes, is somewhat spotty, the concept of a ruling elite finds a strong proponent in the philosopher Plato. While recognizing the fundamental flaw in humankind, Plato believes in the appointment of one supreme guardian, the philosopher king or queen, an individual, who with the proper education was competent enough to decide on policies. Plato believes that the philosopher king is honorable since his only desire is knowledge, his thirst for knowledge prevailing over anything else. Plato’s arguments, made so long ago, resonate in the current world in much the same way as they did when they first appeared. Times of crisis remind us of the need for ongoing review of the assumptions we make regarding the best way to govern and the best way to manage those resources available to us. Plato provides one view of the best forms of government, and consequently, offers some insight into the issues under review today. A weakness of Plato’s vision is that it requires exceptionally high standards for the moral nature of human beings. In this view, Plato puts a great deal of emphasis on the soul as rational and assumes that people, who choose occupations based on their desires, will be just. According to Plato’s mantra, given that people are following the desires of their rational soul, they must be behaving in a just manner. Another weakness of this creed is that it puts too much power in the hands of a selected few; it is dangerous to allow so few to govern so many. Without the checks and balances seen in a democratic society, a tyrannical environment can be fostered. In contrast, a weakness of democracy is that the masses are given the ability to govern the country. As a group, they are susceptible to a â€Å"group think† mentality; voting based on the collective mentality rather than individual principles. Economic gain is central in a capitalist society and will influence people’s decision making. The group may vote based on emotions rather than thought. Also, a large number of people may be unable to focus on one agenda since different people have different standards, agendas and motivations. In modern America, it is best that all people participate in their society’s government. In spite of Plato’s arguments for the Just City, placing the reins of democracy in the hands of the masses is safer than relegating power to only a few. Plato was correct in requiring that leaders be informed, and equally correct in believing that the uninformed masses are less likely to make good decisions; but the way to address this is not to exclude people. Rather, as part of the political process, people should be educated about all of the parts of the process, as well as about the candidates, their policies and political ideologies. In addition to education about the candidates and the process, the population requires a more general education in order to allow it to follow its desires. As in The Republic, allowing people to perform jobs which best suit their desires would give each individual a stake in the welfare of the nation overall, allowing for a more resourceful use of labor and a motivation for all members of civilization to work for the collective good of the whole. The greatest contribution of Plato to our modern understanding of appropriate governance may be the emphasis the philosopher placed on the power of knowledge and wisdom. Some investment in those qualities might allow for a better-informed voter and a more reasonable form of government where the democratic model is blended with an understanding of economic necessity and the realities of human nature. Perhaps, what has become most apparent from the current US crisis is that some sense of collective good, as well as a sense of collective responsibility, must be incorporated into the notion of democracy. Works Cited Plato. The Republic of Plato. Trans. Francis MacDonald Cornford. London: Oxford University Press, 1977. Print.